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About CNC Routers

CNC routers are computer-controlled machines that are capable of cutting complex two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shapes with router bits that spin at high speeds. CNC routers consist of a mechanical base, linear rails and bearings, stepper motor or servo motor, lead screws or ball screws, power supply, and stepper motor drive or servo motor drive. The mechanical base is the frame that holds all of the router’s components together. Several construction styles are available. C-frame routers have a frame shaped like the letter “C” and include a compound X/Y table and vertical Z-axis column. Gantry-style routers are constructed with a stationary table and a bridge that spans vertical columns. All gantry routers have three moving axes: X, Y, and Z.  Four-axis devices have an additional moving axis. In five-axis configurations, the router head includes rotary and angular axes. Six-axis CNC routers are usually articulated robots with a router head attachment. Articulated robots have arms with three rotary joints.  

Most CNC routers interface to specialized or general-purpose computers that run graphical operating systems such as Microsoft® Windows®. Both Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Computer-aided design (CAD) software is used to read a special file that describes the geometry of the part to be machined. The CAD program outputs a tool path file with information that the controller computer can use to send synchronized, step and direction signals to the stepper motor driver or the servo motor driver. In turn, the motor driver sends signals to the motor, causing it to move in the appropriate direction along a specific axis. The lead screws to which the stepper motor or servo motor is attached move the axes along linear rails that are usually made of aluminum.     

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