Grinding wheels consist of abrasive grains bonded together by a matrix of resins, epoxy, rubber, metal, and vitrified glass materials. Straight wheels have a simple, flat disc shape without any recesses, flaring or cups. ANSI B74.2 Type 1 wheels fall under this group. Type 1A1, 1A8 are designations for straight superabrasive wheels with a straight face and no recess. 1A1R wheels are recessed for cut-off or slot cutting applications. 1A8, 1B1, 1E1, 1EE1, 1F1, 1FF1, 1V1, 1V1P are straight superabrasive wheels with modified faces (beveled, included angle or radius).
Small bonded abrasives wheel with a cone, cylinder or bullet shape that is mounted on a pin or mandrel for portable grinder applications. ANSI B74.2 Types 16, 17, 17R, 18, 18R, and 19.
Type 16 - Cone wheels with a curved side and a nose radius
· Type 17, 17R - Cone wheels with straight sides and optionally a nose radius
· Type 18, 18R - Plug wheels with a cylindrical shape and either a square or curved grinding end
· Type 19 - Combination cone and plug shaped wheels
Cylinder wheels are long wheels with a simple, can shape without any recesses or cups. The length of the wheel is equal or greater than the thickness of the wheel. ANSI B74.2 Type 2 wheels fall under this group. Cylinder wheels are mounted (bolted or cemented) to a backing plate, which drives the wheel.
Grinding wheels with a depressed center, which helps keep the mounting hardware out of the grinding process. ANSI type 27, 28 and 29 wheels fall under this category. ANSI type 27 wheels have a flat configuration with a depressed center. ANSI type 29 wheels fold back away from the workpiece and wheel center while ANSI type 28 wheels project out in front of the wheel center toward the workpiece. Depressed center wheels are applied is rough offhand grinding or snagging of castings, weld beads, flash or parting lines or defects in metal parts.
Cups have a cup or bowl shape. Type 11 wheels are often called “flaring cups” since the sides flare out. Types 11V9, 11A2 and 12A2 are examples of superabrasive flaring cup shapes.
Very small bonded abrasives or superabrasive wheels with a round ball, point, cone, cylinder or bullet shape that are mounted on a pin or mandrel for portable die grinder and deburring applications. Types DW, IG, IGJ, IGA, IGI and IGR are examples of superabrasive mounted point shapes.
Recessed wheels having an ANSI 5 or 11 shape fall under this category. Type 5 wheels are only recessed on one side. Type 7 wheels are recessed on both sides.
Ring wheels have a donut or toroid shape. Ring or disc grinding wheels are mounted (bolted or cemented) to a backing plate, which drives the wheel. Superabrasive type 2A2 wheels fall into this category. Conventional bonded abrasive type 35, 36 and 37 fit into this category.
Cups have a cup, bowl or double cup shape. ANSI type 6 wheel are referred to as straight cups, since they have a cylindrical configuration. Types 6A2, 6A9, 6A2C and 6A2H are examples of superabrasive straight cup shapes. ANSI type 9 or superabrasive type 9A1 wheels have a double cup shape.
Tapered body wheels have a thicker cross section at the bore, which becomes thinner or tapers toward the outer diameter. ANSI Type 3 or 4 wheels fall under this group. Superabrasive types 14A1and 3A1 wheels fall into this category.
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Superabrasives and diamond tools consist of grinding wheels, wheel dressers, single point tools and other products utilizing diamond or cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive grain.
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The bore is the inner diameter of the center mount of the abrasive product. The bore is used to mount or hold the abrasive on a spindle or mandrel. The shank diameter is the diameter of the integral shank, pin, shaft or mandrel on mounted points or wheels.
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Aluminum oxide is the most common industrial mineral in use today. Fused aluminum oxide is produced synthetically by melting bauxite and additive in an arc furnace to form a fused aluminum oxide ingots, which are later crushed and sized. Fused aluminum oxide is also produced synthetically by chemically purifying The various types of fused aluminum oxides are distinguished by the levels of chemical impurities remaining in the fused mineral. Titanium and chromium oxides are typical additives. Other techniques to make industrial abrasive start with treating bauxite ore with a sol gel process to create alumina that is sintered to produce with an extremely fine crystalline structure typical of the sol gel or Seeded Gel products available by Saint Gobain Abrasives. Fused aluminum oxide is available in several variations depending on composition and processing such as white (high purity), brown or regular (titanium oxide modified) and pink (chromium oxide additions). Titanium oxide additions can toughen the abrasive and enable heat treating process, which changes brown aluminum oxide to a blue colored grain as TiO2 precipitates form. Aluminum oxide abrasives are also produced with chemical precursors and precipitation, calcination and/or sintering processes. Calcined or platelet aluminas as used in fine grit or polishing applications. Sol-gel aluminum oxide is produced in using chemical ceramic technology, but this abrasive has very high performance and is usually referred to as Ceramic abrasive grain to distinguish the grain from lower performing fused aluminum oxide. Aluminum oxide occurs naturally in the form of the mineral corundum, but the mineral is not used as a commercial abrasive except as a component of emery.
Ceramic abrasives typically consist of aluminum oxide with or without additional modifiers produced using a sol-gel and sintering process. The ceramic processing route results in a hard, dense abrasive with an extremely fine crystal size and outstanding grinding performance on a variety of workpiece materials. Norton SG® and Norton Quantum® are examples of ceramic alumina grain manufactured by the Saint-Gobain Group. The patented alumina seeding process used in manufacturing Norton SG® abrasive grain produces a sub-micron crystal structure resulting in superior performance.
Silicon carbide is a synthetic abrasive first developed in the late 1800s. SiC is harder than aluminum oxide, but more friable than fused aluminum oxide grains. Silicon carbide is typically applied to nonferrous applications (brass, aluminum, titanium). The high solubility of carbon and silicon in iron would result in a reaction of silicon carbide with the iron base alloy and poor grinding performance. Levels and types of impurities distinguish the green and black forms of silicon carbide. The sharp and easily fractured abrasive grains for abrading other non-metals such as the stone, glass, wood, and leather. SiC, like diamond, is susceptible to oxidation at higher temperatures.
Alumina-zirconia abrasive grain consists of a fused alloy of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide. NorZon® is widely used variation proprietary to Norton Company, which consisting of a fused and quenched eutectic mixture of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide. The resulting fine structure and higher hardness contributes to improved grinding performance on stainless steel, titanium and other exotic metals.
Synthetic diamond is produced synthetically in a high temperature, high pressure process anvil press. Diamond is superabrasive grain with the highest known hardness and a cubic crystal structure. Diamond is used for grinding nonferrous metals, ceramics, glass, stone, and building materials. Diamond is not useful in grinding steel or ferrous alloys because carbon or diamond readily dissolves or reacts with iron. Diamond pastes are useful in ferrous polishing or lapping applications where heat and reactivity are not a factor. Diamond is susceptible to oxidation at higher temperatures
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) is superabrasive grain with hardness second to diamond and a cubic crystal structure. CBN provide super grinding performance on carbon and alloy steel. Diamond is not useful in grinding steel or ferrous alloys because carbon or diamond readily dissolves or reacts with iron. CBN is produced synthetically in a high temperature, high pressure process anvil press a process similar to synthetic diamond production.
Crushed tungsten carbide grit is utilized in metal bonded products for abrasion of tough materials such as composites, fiberglass, reinforced plastics, rubber and other specialized materials.
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Applies to products using abrasive grains held in a matrix or bonded to a surface such as coated abrasives, MSL superabrasives, vitrified grinding wheels, dressing sticks, honing stones or grit dressers. Grit sizes are based on ANSI, FEPA, JIS or proprietary grading system standards. Grading system standards define a grit size through specified upper and lower limits at certain points in the size distribution.
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Typically coarse grit abrasive products designed for heavy cutting or stock removal applications with rougher commercial finish compared to finer grit wheels. Vitrified or bonded abrasive wheels with 46 grit and coarser grain and 100S grit superabrasive wheels would fall into this category.
Medium or medium fine grit products are typically used for moderate stock removal combined with a better finish compared to coarser grits. Vitrified or bonded abrasive wheels with in the 54 to 80 grit grain size and 120 grit superabrasive wheels would fall into this category.
Fine grit abrasive products designed or suitable finishing with light cutting or stock removal. Vitrified or bonded abrasive wheels with in the 100 to 120 grit grain size and 150 grit superabrasive wheels would fall into this category.
Very fine to ultrafine abrasive products are used to improve finish and provide good corner holding characteristics. Ultrafine grit may be used for honing type applications. Vitrified or bonded abrasive wheels with 150 grit or finer grain and 180 grit superabrasive wheels would fall into this category.
Form, profile, gear, and other processes where the surface of the grinding wheel is shaped by dressing to create a specific profile. By dressing an inverse profile of the desired component surface on to a grinding wheel, complex sequencing of multiple steps can be avoided. Form grinding is also possible with coated abrasives and nonwoven products using specialized accessories.
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Abrasive products designed or suitable for cutting, grinding or finishing in maintenance & repair operations (MRO) such as the grinding of repair welds.
Abrasive products designed or suitable for cutting, grinding or finishing applications in optical lens or component fabrication as well as for eyeglass or ophthalmic production.
Abrasives wheels and blades designed for semiconductors or electronics such as back grinding, finishing, CMP pad dressing, IC die cutting, wafer slicing or other electronics applications.
Abrasive products designed or suitable for cutting, grinding or finishing other unlisted specialty or proprietary materials.
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Metal bond between the abrasive grains and between the grains a metal substrate. Metal bond systems are used mainly for superabrasive or tungsten carbide grit products. Three metal bond types are sintered, MSL and electroplated metal bond systems. Sintered metal bond systems are used when a thicker layer of superabrasive is required. Metal single layer (MSL) wheels consists of a specialized braze layer that forms a single layer of superabrasive and bond. The electroplated bond system is used to produce fine grit superabrasive products.
Bonded abrasive product with a bond system using a silicate, magnesium oxychloride, magnesite or Sorel cement. These low strength bonds keep heat generation to a minimum, but may lack the life and durability of vitrified or resin bonded wheels. The chloride in the oxychloride may provide a grinding aid action.
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