Maximum temperature at which the unit may operate and still maintain rated performances.
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Furnaces suitable for use under low vacuum (less than 760 torr and greater than 1 torr). Low or rough vacuum chambers are suitable for outgassing organic and biological samples, vacuum drying, and certain welding and processing applications.
Furnaces suitable for use under medium vacuum (less than 1 torr and greater than 10-3 torr). Medium vacuum chambers are suitable for certain welding and processing applications.
Furnaces suitable for use under ultra-high vacuum (less than 10-8 torr). UHV chambers often employ heaters to bakeout surface contamination and liners that can be cleaned and replaced.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary pressure ranges.
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Ashing is also referred to as charring; this is the step in a graphite furnace AA program that is designed to remove matrix constituents that might interfere with the measurement of the analyte. Ashing temperatures vary from 200º to 1800° C, depending on the matrix and analyte element.
Box furnaces are convenient furnaces to use. As the name implies, the furnace has a box shape and a box-shaped interior. The interior dimensions (10 to 50 cm per side) are much larger than a tube furnace, but the unit is often compact enough to sit on a benchtop. A door on the side permits quick and easy access to the interior. Several examples of box furnaces and their controllers are shown below.
A tube furnace is designed to heat a tube that is usually 50 to 100 cm in length and from 25 to 100 mm in diameter. Samples are placed inside the tube in ceramic or metal boats using a long push rod. The tube is surrounded by heating elements, which may also incorporate a thermocouple (a thermocouple can also be inserted down the tube if desired).
Cabinet or bench furnaces describe small batch equipment typically mounted on integral stands. Batch furnaces and ovens are typically suited for processing quantities of product in a single batch.
In general, conveyor units tend to be oriented toward automated production of greater quantities of small-to-medium-sized product. The type of conveyance system used depends on the product line, volume of work to be produced, and temperature to be obtained.
Walk-in or truck-in furnaces describe larger size batch equipment, typically with double doors and integral carts, shelves, etc. Batch furnaces are typically suited for processing larger quantities of product in a single batch.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary configuration.
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Furnace may be programmed to reach different temperatures at different time intervals.
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An arc between graphite electrodes and the metal generates heat. Both carbon and alloy steels are produced in electric arc furnaces and scrap rather than molten metal is used as the base material.
Furnaces using heat generated by combustion of gas, oil, biomass, waste products or other fuels. The combusted gas may heat the material being processed directly or indirectly.
Walls, tubes, jackets or discs are heated by steam, gas, thermal oil, or hot air. These heated elements transfer their heat to materials that come in contact with them via conduction.
A widely used process for the surface hardening of steel. The components are heated by means of an alternating magnetic field to a temperature within or above the transformation range followed by immediate quenching. The core of the component remains unaffected by the treatment and its physical properties are those of the bar from which it was machined, whilst the hardness of the case can be within the range 37/58 Rc. Carbon and alloy steels with carbon content in the range 0.40/0.45% are most suitable for this process.
Furnaces using radiant heat generated by electric or gas fired infrared heaters. Radiant heat units are useful for processing surfaces, flat products or web materials where clear line of sight can be provided.
Propane, sometimes indicated as liquefied petroleum (LP), is a catchall term for propane, butane, and mixtures of the two. It also includes propylene and butylene, which are sometimes included in blends, mostly outside the United States and Canada. In North America, propane is the most likely to be available in industrial quantities. Nearly any natural gas burner will operate on propane with little or no sacrifice in performance.
In a radio frequency drying system an RF generator creates an alternating electric field between two electrodes. The material to be processed is conveyed or placed between the electrodes where the alternating energy causes polar molecules in the material to continuously reorient them to face opposite poles, much like the way bar magnets behave in an alternating magnetic field. The friction resulting from molecular movement causes the material to rapidly heat throughout its entire mass. Areas in the material with greater moisture content heat up and dry faster.
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Process annealing is used to treat work-hardened parts made out of low-carbon steels (< 0.25% carbon). This allows the parts to be soft enough to undergo further cold working without fracturing.
Brazing is a method of joining metal parts together by fusing a layer of brass between the adjoining surfaces. A red heat is necessary and a flux is used to protect the metal from oxidation.
The bonding of adjacent surfaces of particles in a mass of powder or a compact by heating. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization.
Foundry furnaces are used for metal melting applications for jewelry manufacturing, mining, and die casting operations, production aluminum foundries, and fine arts studios. They typically have a tilting mechanism, which can be manually operated (e.g., handwheel) or powered (e.g., hydraulic tilt).
A combination of heating and cooling operations applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. Common processes include tempering, carburizing, and hardening.
A method used to densify a material, whereby heat and pressure are applied simultaneously, and the pressure is typically applied unidirectionally via rigid tooling.
Laboratory furnaces are used in a variety of thermal processing applications including general lab work, component and stability testing, core hardening, drying glassware, and sterilizing.
Heating to an appropriate temperature immediately prior to austenitizing when hardening high hardenability constructional steels, many of the tool steels, and heavy sections.
Furnaces used for rapid cooling of heated media, quenching furnaces are typically identified by the more specific technology utilized: direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, internal quenching, selective quenching, slack quenching, spray quenching, and time quenching.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary applications.
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